Groundnut rosette disease in tanganyika, annals of. Pdf molecular diagnostics of groundnut rosette disease. Drought is the major constraint affecting groundnut production, followed by low soil fertility, rosette. Nearly 90 percent of the groundnut grown in the country is kharif sown from may june to september october. Groundnut rosette is a major virus disease of peanut in subsaharan africa. The three agents are intricately dependent on each other and all play a crucial role in the biology and perpetuation of the disease. Dec 27, 2019 groundnut rosette disease pdf groundnut rosette disease grd, caused by a complex of three agents.
Pdf groundnut rosette disease symptoms types distribution. There is no control for the virus once a plant is infected but control of the aphids will prevent further spread. The disease cause up to 100% yield loss whenever epidemic occurs. Groundnut rosette virus is with ssrna genome, which becomes packaged in. This study determined the incidence of groundnut rosette disease grd and genetic diversity of groundnut rosette assistor virus grav, genus luteovirus in western kenya. The disease is epidemic in nature and there is a seasonal cycle of infection, but the origins of this virus are unknown.
Impact of groundnut rosette disease on nutritive value and. With the current unstable market performance for tobacco, the development of the agricultural sector and its contribution to the national economy is. A satellite rna of groundnut rosette virus that is largely. Groundnut arachis hypogaea plants with rosette disease contain a manually transmissible virus, groundnut rosette virus grv, which depends on a luteovirus, groundnut rosette assistor virus grav, for transmission by the aphid aphis craccivora.
The diseases they cause have profound effects on both plant growth and the quality of produce, resulting in significant losses. Groundnut rosette virus disease is a very serious disease of groundnuts in uganda. Studies on the ecology of aphis craccivora koch hem. Detection of each of the causal agents of groundnut rosette. The diseases is a major constraint of groundnuts in subsaharan africa ssa causing up to 100% yield losses in severe cases. The disease is present in the three areas farmed by the overseas. Ethnological studies of the major indian tribes of south america document the widespread culture of groundnut and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the spanish conquest. Groundnut rosette disease africa soil health consortium.
The complex etiology and lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, are major limitations in understanding the epidemiology of grd viruses, and developing. The most effective, economic and environmental friendly method to control the disease is through genetic resistance. During 199091 and 199697, 6800 groundnut germplasm accessions originating from south america, africa, and asia were evaluated for resistance to rosette disease caused by groundnut rosette umbravirus, its satellite rna and groundnut rosette assistor luteovirus using an infector row technique in malawi. The disease is caused by a complex of three viral components that interact in a synergistic fashion. In africa, the groundnut aphid feeds on as many as 142. Corresponding to the sori, small, necrotic, brown spots appear on the upper surface of leaves. The disease is caused by association between groundnut rosette assistor virus grav, groundnut rosette umbravirus grv and a satelliterna satrna of grv 7. Results revealed that there was statistically significant variation among the groundnut varieties in their levels of rosette incidence from 30 to. Semiarid tropics icrisat estimates that groundnut rosette disease causes greater yield loss than any other. Genetic diversity of groundnut rosette disease causal agents. Groundnut rosette diseases are caused by two viruses and a particle which is just nucleic acid ribonucleic acid and is called a satellite rna. Knowledge bank groundnut rosette disease plantwise. However, this economically important foliar disease occurs wherever the groundnut crop is grown.
About 6800 groundnut germplasm accessions originating from south america, africa, and asia were evaluated for resistance to rosette disease using. Studies on groundnut rosette disease in ghana and genomic. During the dry season the aphids maintain themselves on self. Groundnut rosette assistor luteovirus grav, groundnut rosette umbravirus grv and a satelliterna satrna of grv. The incidence of groundnut rosette assistor virus grav in farmers fields and sequence diversity of groundnut rosette disease grd agents were assessed in the three northern groundnut production regions of ghana. Groundnut rosette transmitted by aphis craccivora, is the most destructive viral disease of groundnut in subsaharan africa causing yield losses approaching 100% where ever an epidemic occurs reddy, 1984. The disease is caused by a complex mixture of viruses viz. The major virus diseases of groundnut are bud necrosis, clump, rosette, peanut stripe, and peanut mottle mp 1114. Analysis by tripleantibody sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay of groundnut samples from fields in two seasons from different regions of malawi showed the absence of groundnut rosette assistor virus grav from some plants showing groundnut rosette disease symptoms and the presence of grav in some symptomless plants.
Pdf groundnut rosette is a major virus disease of peanut in subsaharan africa. At this conference, which brought together trade associations, growers, breeders, landscape management firms, botanical gardens, federal regulatory agencies, biocontrol corporations, consultants, state plant disease diagnostic. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop appropriate groundnut cultivars that are. Sources of resistance to groundnut rosette disease in global. The disease is caused by a complex of three agents. When it sucks the sap of an infected plant it receives groundnut rosette virus and satellite rna, packaged together within a coating of groundnut rosette assistor virus. Incidence of groundnut rosette disease grd and genetic. These three components are intricately dependent on each other, and all three play a crucial role in the biology and perpetuation of rosette disease which is not one but three diseases.
No viruslike particles have been reported for grv but infected plants yield infective ssrna. The disease is known to cause total crop failure in cases where susceptible varieties are used. Knowledge on inheritance of resistance to the rosette disease is. Pdf groundnut rosette disease symptoms types distribution and. Detection of each of the causal agents of groundnut. It depends on groundnut rosette assistor virus grav. Groundnut rosette disease is one of the most destructive diseases of groundnut in subsaharan africa, which is transmitted by aphids, although rosette epidemics are sporadic, yield losses approach 100% whenever the disease occurs in epidemic proportions. Moisture and ash content generally decreased while fat. Assessing sequence diversity of groundnut rosette disease. Nucleotide sequencing of grav coat protein cp gene revealed. Groundnut rosette is a major disease of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. The green rosette type predominates, making uganda a green rosette belt. There is a marked reduction in the size of the leaflets and mottling becomes visible.
Farmer perceptions and genetic studies of rosette disease. Determinants of groundnut rosette virus disease occurrence. The complex etiology and lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, are major limitations in understanding the epidemiology of grd viruses, and developing appropriate management strategies for the disease. There is however, a need to undertake further studies in order to establish economic injury levels and action thresholds to guide in integrated management of groundnut rosette disease and its vectors. However, some genetic modifiers may also be present and influence disease expression. Nucleotide sequencing of grav coat protein cp gene revealed 99100% identity. Introducing groundnut varieties more tolerant to rosette. Coordinated research on groundnut rosette virus disease. Groundnut production constraints and farmers preferred.
Viruses present a major challenge to the production of major food crops worldwide, including legumes. Luteoviridae for encapsidation in grav coat protein and for transmission by aphis craccivora in the. Breeding groundnut for resistance to rosette disease and its. One is called groundnut rosette virus, and is an umbravirus. Rosette conference organized by star roses and plants and the garden rose council in april of 20.
Disease assessment 5 6 6 6 7 diseases of groundnut 8 fungal diseases bacterial disease virus diseases nematode diseases 8 8 8 8 mp 1. Icrisat has shown that rosette disease has a complex etiology involving three agents. The disease is usually found when the plants are about 6 weeks old. Summary groundnut arachis hypogaea plants with rosette disease contain a manually transmissible virus, groundnut rosette virus grv, which depends on a luteovirus, groundnut rosette assistor virus grav, for transmission by the aphid aphis craccivora. This article needs additional citations for verification. Impact of groundnut rosette disease on nutritive value and elemental. The most characteristic field symptoms of each disease are illustrated and described. Integrated disease management in groundnut agropedia. Although pendo has many strengths compared to other varieties, it is highly susceptible to rosette disease. The epidermis ruptures and exposes a powdery mass of uredospores. It is generally distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate zones. Groundnut rosette disease is the most important disease of groundnuts of sub. Rosette is the most destructive virus disease of groundnut peanut, arachis hypogaea l. Genetic control of resistance to rosette virus disease in.
Pdf integrated management of groundnut rosette disease. Breeding groundnut for resistance to rosette disease and. Pdf distribution and characteristics of groundnut rosette. Two main symptom types, chlorotic rosette and green rosette occur. Harmonized groundnut production manual for malawi 1. About 6800 groundnut germplasm accessions originating from south america, africa, and asia were evaluated for resistance to rosette disease using an infector row technique between the 199091 and. They are groundnut chlorotic rosette gcr, groundnut green rosette ggr, and groundnut mosaic rosette gmr. It is principally transmitted by the groundnut aphid aphis craccivora koch. Distribution and characteristics of groundnut rosette disease in. Nigam, s n and bock, k r 1988 inheritance of resistance to rosette virus disease in groundnut.
Rosette disease of groundnuts annually causes great losses in many parts of africa, and the degree of loss varies considerably. Groundnut researchers are striving to introduce superior options to a popular earlymaturing groundnut variety, pendo icgms 33, in tanzania. Groundnut rosette disease grd, caused by a complex of three agents. Survey of the incidence and distribution of groundnut. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Harmonized groundnut production manual for malawi april 2014. Mar 22, 2020 groundnut rosette disease pdf groundnut rosette disease grd, caused by a complex of three agents. Groundnut rosette virus disease grd has long been regarded a major limiting biotic constraint to groundnut production in subsaharan africa ssa. Gcr and gmr are predominant in eastern and southern africa, whereas ggr appears to be restricted to western africa reddy 1984b. Appiah, as 2017, studies on groundnut rosette disease in ghana and genomic analysis of a novel phasey bean virus in australia, phd thesis, university of tasmania.
Groundnut rosette disease grd, transmitted naturally by aphids, aphis craccivora, is the most destructive viral disease of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Epidemics of grd viruses in ssa, often reduce groundnut productivity. Summary proceedings of the consultative group meeting, 810 mar 1987, lilongwe, malawi. Small brown to chestnut dusty pustules uredosori appear on the lower surface of leaves. Harmonized groundnut production manual for malawi april. India has the distinction of being the largest producer of groundnut in. Groundnut rosette assistor luteovirus grav, groundnut rosette umbravirus grv and a satellite. Among the grd associated viruses, grav plays a crucial role in vector.
May 24, 20 groundnut rosette disease is one of the most destructive diseases of groundnut in subsaharan africa, which is transmitted by aphids, although rosette epidemics are sporadic, yield losses approach 100% whenever the disease occurs in epidemic proportions. The incidence of rosette disease in groundnut in relation to plant density and its effect on yield. Groundnut rosette virus disease is transmitted by the groundnut aphid a. Genetic diversity of groundnut rosette disease causal. In kenya, grd infection especially before flowering results in 100% loss in pod yield.
Groundnut rosette rainfall temperature wind speed abstract groundnut rosette virus disease grvd is the major constraint to groundnut arachis hypogaea production in uganda. This disease is caused by the virus transmitted through aphids. Groundnut rosette virus gala university of greenwich. Groundnut rosette disease grd is the most important viral disease of groundnuts in subsaharan africa. Peanut clump virus is transmitted by the fungus polymyxa graminis. Following are some of the suggested control measures of the disease. One of the constraints affecting groundnut production is groundnut rosette disease grd. Surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to determine the incidence and distribution of grd in five major groundnut growing counties of western kenya. Groundnut rosette disease is one of the most damaging diseases militating against groundnut production in subsaharan africa.
Disease cycle of tikka disease of groundnut is presented in figure 380. Farmer perceptions and genetic studies of rosette disease in. The plants affected by this disease look stunted and present bushy appearance. In general, the study revealed that breeding opportunities do exist, incorporating farmers. This article is a list of diseases of peanuts arachis hypogaea. The etiology of grd is a complex, involving three agents. Proximate and elemental composition of four peanut genotypes infected with groundnut rosette disease grd was examined. This poses a great threat to groundnut production in the country.
Determination of seed resistance to colonization by aspergillus flavus 9 10 10 11 mp 5. Pdf groundnut rosette disease grd, caused by a complex of three agents. It is important to understand the diagnosis of diseases. Inheritance of resistance to rosette virus disease in groundnut. Survey of the incidence and distribution of groundnut rosette. The objective of this study was to use molecular diagnostic tools to detect the agents of groundnut rosette disease grd to guide in varietal development and disease management. The current study investigated the proximate and elemental composition of four groundnut peanut, arachis hypogaea l. A century of research on groundnut rosette disease and its. Samples were collected from both grd infected and healthy plants and sites georeferenced. The two viruses belong to different virus families. Spatiotemporal separation of groundnut rosette disease agents. Determinants of groundnut rosette virus disease occurrence in. Plants that are infected early will produce no yield. The interna tional crops research institute for the.